1. Head floating, before engagement 2. Engagement; descent, flexion 3. Further descent, internal rotation    4. Complete ...

Definition the artificial initiation of labour to maintain maternal health or to remove the fetus from a potentially harmful environment ...

expected patterns of descent of the presenting part and cervical dilatation fail to occur in the appropriate time frame can occur in a...

Local Perineal Anesthesia local blocks lidocaine for episiotomy pudendal blocks Regional Anesthesia Epidural most common...

early first stage: pain via visceral afferents enter the spinal cord at T10-L1 dilatation of the cervix lower uterine distensio...

Definition, Incidence and Complications impaction of anterior shoulder of fetus against symphysis pubis after fetal head has been deliv...

INDICATIONS FOR OPERATIVE VAGINAL DELIVERY   operative vaginal delivery is with forceps or vacuum extraction fetal non-reassuring f...

UTERINE RUPTURE   associated with previous uterine scar (in 40% of cases), hyperstimulation with oxytocin, grand multiparity and previou...

Definition :  fetal buttocks is the presenting part Incidence :  occurs in 3-4% of pregnancies at term (25% before 28 weeks) Classifi...

Hi, Mommy. I’m your baby. You don’t know me yet, I’m only a few weeks old. You’re going to find out about me soon, though, I promise. Let...

The knowledge of how to give birth without outside intervention lies deep within each woman. Successful childbirth depends on an accepta...

LACERATIONS first degree : involves skin and vaginal mucosa but not underlying fascia and muscle second degree : involves fascia and...

DEFINITION OF LABOUR   The Spontaneous expulsion of products of conception by maternal forces after 24 weeks of GA preterm (> 20...

THE FETUS Fetal Lie refers to the orientation of the long axis of the fetus with respect to  the long axis of the uterus ...

glucose intolerance that is present only during pregnancy genetic predisposition to the development of glucose intolerance exists in this...

Incidence 2-3% of pregnancies are complicated by diabetes mellitus Normal Physiology in Pregnancy   in early pregnancy (T1) i...

most often associated with iron deficiency anemia necessary for closure of neural tube during early fetal development minimum daily req...

iron requirements increase during pregnancy (mother needs 1000 mg of elemental iron per fetus; this amount exceeds normal stores) f...

occurs more frequently in pregnancy and puerperium (time immediately after the delivery of a baby) most common medical complication of ...

incidence of twins is 1/80 and triplets 1/6400 2/3 of twins are dizygotic (i.e. fraternal) hereditary factors (on maternal side only)...