“ 1.   Atlantoaxial instability  (C1 transverse ligament destruction by pannus). Frank instability in 5% with RA. Shown by pre-dentate space...

“ Mostly due to either degenerative disease (facet joint hypertrophy and slip) or, in 10%, pars defects (i.e. spondylolysis).  It is commonl...

“ This often coexists with disc disease. Central stenosis is mostly the result of bilateral facet joint degeneration causing a slip. Other t...

“ Represents heterotopic bone from repeated trauma to the PLL. It tends to occur in the cervical spine, causing canal stenosis and myelopath...

Facet joints degenerate like any other synovial joint. Facetal cysts may form containing fluid, blood or air and thus demonstrate a variable...

“ Also known as a Schmorl node. There is herniation of the nucleus pulposus through the end plate. May follow an end-plate fracture. CT •   ...

“ T1 T2 Pathology 1 ↓ ↑ Inflammation 2 ↑ ↔ or ↑ Fatty replacement 3 ↓ ↓ Sclerosis ” For Radiology Cases, Discussion join: Radiology Made Eas...

“ Connected to back pain, though the precise link is controversial. MRI •   Disc degeneration with signal change paralleling the end plates....

“ Herniated material may be contained by the posterior longitudinal ligament (PLL) or be accompanied by a PLL tear. In total, 90% of discs i...

“ Central Overlying the posterior longitudinal ligament. Protrusion tends to be either side of this. Central protrusions are more common in ...

“ Focal protrusion Disc material protrudes so that the displaced material is <25%/90° of the body circumference on axial slices. Broad-ba...