“ THYROID IMAGING REPORTING AND DATA SYSTEM (TIRADS) TIRADS aims to provide a practical system for categorising thyroid nodules and stratify...

“ US •   Features of malignancy: frank invasion, solid hypoechoic mass, ill-defined margin, micro-lobulated margin, microcalcifications, ta...

Up to 80% of people have nodules on US, but <10% are malignant. FNA is diagnostic in about 90%, but reserved for nodules >1-1.5 cm. Fo...

“ T1 less than  2 cm T2  2-4 cm T3  Minimal local invasion T4  Extensive local invasion or anaplastic type N1a  Level VI nodes only N1b  Any...

“ US •   Non-specific features NUCLEAR MEDICINE •   Typically, a cold nodule on radio-iodide scan, may be warm/hot on pertechnetate scan. • ...

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“ Thyroid cancer is three-times more common in women. It usually presents with a palpable solitary nodule without thyroid dysfunction. Fine ...

“ Up to 90% of stones are found in Wharton’s ducts in the submandibular glan d. Stones are typically solitary and radiopaque. Sialolithiasis...

“ This is the most common cause of primary hyperparathyroidism and is benign. US •   Normal glands up to about four in number, 3-4 mm in wid...

“ The typical patient is a 40-year-old woman with gradual enlargement of the thyroid. Patients are usually euthyroid; however, 20% present w...

“ This is an autoimmune disease associated with human leukocyte antigen (HLA) antibodies.  Typically, it presents with thyrotoxicosis, goitr...