“ I.   Haematoma/contusion only II. Haematoma and less than 1 cm laceration , no urine leak III.  >1 cm laceration , no urine lea k * IV....

“ May present prenatally or later in life. Ureter with diameter >7 mm is diagnostic. May be due to obstruction or reflux. US •   Mostly ...

“ 1.   Characteristic simple cyst. No follow-up. 2.   Septated (less than 2 mm thick), thin wall/septal calcification, high-density cyst (60...

“ Very common, affects about 50% of those aged >50 years. Large cysts may cause pain, urinary obstruction, haematuria or hypertension. Of...

“ Due to chronic reflux in children, a gradual process of calyceal blunting and cortical scarring (same as reflux nephropathy).  In adults,...

“ May be focal ( malignancy ) or diffuse ( outflow obstruction, neurogenic bladder or chronic infection ). US •   Bladder wall measures >...

“ Results from force to the lower abdomen over a distended bladder (e.g. car seat belt). Biochemical picture suggests acute renal failure du...

“ The bladder is punctured by bone fragments, typically from an adjacent pelvic fracture. Managed conservatively. CT CYSTOGRAM •   The bladd...

“ In total, 90% of transitional cell carcinomas (TCCs) affect the bladder.  Up to 95% of bladder malignancies are TCCs, with the rest bein...

“ Deficient midline abdominal wall with bladder open and everted. Associated with deficient genitalia and bony pelvis. OBSTETRIC US •   Abse...

“ More severe than AUTOSOMAL DOMINANT POLYCYSTIC KIDNEY DISEASE  Causes oligohydramnios and presents in the neonatal period . Associated wi...

“ Progressive replacement of the renal parenchyma by cysts, the renal volume is massively increased. Cystic haemorrhage is common. Most pre...

“ Most common benign renal tumour , mostly incidental, unilateral and solitary. Composed of vessels, muscle and fat. In total, 2 0% are foun...

“ Usually due to  Escherichia coli  ascending the urinary tract . Most common in women aged less than 40 years and men aged >65 years . I...

“ Multiple bilateral renal cysts developing in patients with end-stage renal failure on dialysis; 90% have it after 5-10 years on dialysis. ...

“ Renal abscess usually occurs as a complication of pyelonephritis. ULTRASOUND (US) •   Cortical/corticomedullary, well-defined, hypoechoic ...

“ Congenital deficiency of abdominal musculature, urinary tract anomalies and cryptorchidism . Mostly affects males. Associated with cardi...

“ Only occurs in males. It is due to a membrane in the posterior urethra causing near-complete obstruction to the flow of urine. Age of pre...

“ Mostly congenital, often diagnosed in adulthood. Most unilateral. Varying aetiologies, including crossing vessels, abnormal collagen infil...

“ Inflammation or ischaemic necrosis at the tip of the papilla that may then slough off and obstruct the collecting system. Causes include p...